Second, in combination with the first principal part, it tells us the pattern (often referred to as a conjugation) that the verb will follow in creating different forms (more below). First, it provides the stem ( vidē-) that is used to create all of the present, imperfect, future forms of the verb (known as the present system). Vidēre, the second principal part, indicates the present active infinitive form of the word and translates to “to see.” This form provides two important pieces of information. Our first principal part, videō, indicates what the 1st person singular present active indicative form of the word is. Principal parts give you the information necessary to recognize and produce any form of the verb. The first four words in the entry are referred to as principal parts. Below we have the dictionary entry for videō: Like we did with nouns, we will first need to consult the dictionary entry to determine the verb form. While we will go into more detail on this later, for now, we can think of the indicative mood as indicating that the speaker is stating the content of the sentence as a fact the imperative mood as indicating that the speaker is making an order the subjunctive mood as indicating some level of uncertainty. There are three Latin moods: indicative, imperative, and subjunctive. Mood can indicate if a sentence’s content is simply a statement of fact, an expression of a wish or possibility, an order, etc. Mood tells us how the speaker of the sentence feels about the content of the sentence. To follow up on the example above, in the sentence “the ball is caught by the dog”, the ball (our subject) is not performing an action, rather it is simply being caught by the dog. A passive verb indicates that the subject is being acted upon. For example, in the sentence, “the dog catches the ball”, the dog (our subject) is performing the act of catching. An active verb indicates that the subject performs the central action of the sentence. There are two voices in Latin: active and passive. Voice tells us whether the subject of the sentence is doing the action of the sentence or being acted upon. There are six different tenses in Latin: present, imperfect, future, perfect, pluperfect, and future perfect. On the other hand, “Lisa is doing her homework”, the present tense verb “is doing” tells us that Lisa is in the process of completing her homework while the speaker is talking. For example, in the English sentence, “Lisa did her homework”, the past tense verb “did” tells us that Lisa has completed her homework at the time when the sentence was uttered. Tense tells us the temporal relationship between the action that occurs in the sentence and the speaker’s statement. A singular subject requires a singular verb a plural subject requires a plural verb (see more below). Number plays a key role in Latin sentence construction - subjects and verbs must match in number, just as in English. Just like Latin nouns, Latin verbs can be singular (the subject refers only to one person or thing) or plural (the subject refers to multiple persons or things). Number tells us how many subjects we have. Third person (he/she/it/stated subject) means that the speaker of the sentence is referring to a subject outside of the current conversation. Second person (you/you all) means that the speaker of the sentence is in direct conversation with the subject(s) of the sentence. First person (I/we) means that the speaker of the sentence is also the subject/one of the subjects of the sentence. Latin, like English, has three different persons - first person, second person, and third person. Person tells us the relationship between the speaker of the sentence and the subject of the sentence. Latin verbs have five characteristics: person, number, tense, voice, and mood. Verbs | Conjugations | Practice Opportunity |
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